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ITDunya.com is Pakistan's No. 1 Urdu Forum, Providing Free IT Education in Urdu Language, more than 350'000 Members are Sharing Their Knowledge with Each Others. Rosetta Stone Language Learning Review & Rating. Surely you've seen the TV commercials, mall kiosks, and online ads for Rosetta Stone. It is the 8. 00- pound gorilla of language- learning software. But is it any good? The answer is yes, particularly if you are brand new to a language and want to develop a strong base of vocabulary and grammar, as it's well structured and moves at a reasonably slow pace. Use Rosetta Stone every day for a few months and you will learn to speak, read, write, and understand basic words and phrases. Don't expect to become fluent, though, even with the optional live e- tutoring. Fluency is unlikely with any software alone. When considering all the online language- learning options, Rosetta Stone is the best full- featured package for learning a new language, and it's our Editors' Choice among paid programs. Duolingo is our Editors' Choice for free language- learning programs. Languages Offered Not counting programs for American and British English, Rosetta Stone has courses for 2. They are Arabic, Chinese (Mandarin), Dari, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hindi, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Latin, Pashto, Persian (Farsi), Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Russian, Spanish (Latin America and European), Swahili, Swedish, Tagalog (Filipino), Turkish, Urdu, and Vietnamese. Rosetta Stone covers a wide range of languages, but if there's one you need that's not on that list, I would recommend looking to Transparent Language Online. It has programs for more than 1. Courses for languages that are not in high demand can be short, but many of them are quite robust. There are two other places to look for hard- to- find language- learning courses: Pimsleur and Mango Languages. The excellent Pimsleur has 5. I don't mind that, but some people prefer a more interactive course. Mango has programs for learning 6. Transparent doesn't (American Sign Language, Cherokee, Dzongkha, Igbo, Javanese, Malayalam, Punjabi, Shanghainese, and Yiddish). I don't recommend starting with Mango, as it's one of the weaker programs I've tested, but it is an option if you're in a bind. Duolingo has 1. 5 fully developed courses: Danish, Dutch, Esperanto, French, German, Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, and Welsh. It also has another four courses that are in beta (Hebrew, Hungarian, Ukrainian, Vietnamese) and seven more in progress. Price You can buy Rosetta Stone Language Learning as an online subscription, as a digital download, or on CD- ROM. Rosetta Stone isn't cheap, but there are a number of different packages to choose from, and many of them seem to be on sale continuously. Twelve- month online memberships for one language have a list price of $2. A six- month program costs $2. The best value is the 3. But how can you know you'll stick with a language- learning program for three whole years? The company also offers a free demo. Definitely give it a spin before you buy. If you'd rather have CD- ROMs or locally installed software that doesn't require the Internet, you can buy them instead of paying for an online account. Either way, there is one hitch: You get a three- month trial of some online- only features, such as live Web- conferenced tutoring classes and games. After that trial, you'll have to pay extra to keep those components. A Level 1 downloaded or CD- ROM package sells for $1. Level 1- 2 for $2. Level 1- 3 for $3. For languages that go all the way up to five levels (not all do), you can download the 1- 5 package for $4. Again, these prices are typically discounted heavily, with the 1- 5 package usually selling for $2. Transparent Language Online is competitively priced and charges close to what Rosetta Stone does. An annual subscription for personal use costs $1. If you'd rather not commit to 1. Living Language has a Platinum package for $1. The e- tutoring (or webinar- style) classes held via video conference are a huge value- add. Rosetta Stone also includes some e- tutoring, but not as much. Fluenz, which is somewhat similar to Rosetta Stone, costs $2. A totally different program called Yabla, which teaches by letting you watch videos in the language being learned, has a $9. Yabla is better, in my opinion, for people who already have some experience with the language they want to study. As mentioned, Duolingo is 1. A lot of people end up using Duolingo in conjunction with another program or classroom- based learning. It's worth checking out even if you decide to pick a paid package, too. Another way to get language- learning software for free is to check whether your local library has an option for patrons. I've seen several major US libraries with licenses to Mango, Transparent Language, and even Rosetta Stone. Typically, you sign in through your library, but you then get the same experience as if you had bought the software yourself. My Experience With Rosetta Stone Over the past decade, I've used Rosetta Stone personally and to test professionally quite a bit in French, Brazilian Portuguese, German, Turkish, and English. To test it this time, I returned to German, and I dabbled in Russian, too. If you've ever used Rosetta Stone before, or even had a free trial, the current iteration of the product will look very familiar. No matter which language you choose, you're going to see a lot of the same images—the same goldfish, the same green bicycle, the same bowl of rice. You'll also see the same general look and the same overall structure to the course. On one hand, Rosetta Stone is very consistent, predictable, stable, and reliable. On the other, it leaves out cultural context. There's a lot of drill- and- kill style teaching, which isn't necessarily a bad thing for new learners. You'll be exposed to the same new words over and over again. Sometimes you're asked to simply listen to them, sometimes to say them, sometimes to write them. You learn very basic words: girl, boy, man, woman, eat, run, swim, drink, water, milk, cat, dog. If you're hoping to use Rosetta Stone for a few weeks before taking a holiday hoping to pick up . Could I have two beers, please? To learn a handful of travel phrases, I'd recommend Rocket Languages (the audio session, mostly) or a program that's specifically designed for travelers. Living Language Passport is one good option. Some of Pimsleur's programs are also aimed at travellers. In terms of design, Rosetta Stone is a work of art. The interface is not only the most polished of all the language- learning programs I've seen, it's also more graceful than most other software, period. The online version runs smoothly. Setting up microphones and running sound checks was always simple and successful in my testing. The program is extremely intuitive with almost no written instructions. There's no second- guessing what you're supposed to do. Lessons appear in a sequential order on a dashboard. If you move between the Web app and mobile apps, your progress is always saved and synced. It's easy and downright enjoyable to dive right in. A sense of play surrounds the interactive experience without being juvenile. Rosetta Stone prides itself on its immersion approach. Help menus, settings, and title screens are just about the only parts written in the learner's native language. When you begin, you see pictures and either see or hear (or both) words that are associated with that picture. After being exposed to them several times, you'll then be asked to speak or write the word. For example, you will see a man smiling and waving, and then hear and see the German Guten Tag. A few screens later, this same photo will appear, and you'll hear Guten Tag. This time, you're prompted to say it, too. A voice- recognition system decides whether you've said the word correctly. Later in the program, the photo will appear yet again, and you'll have to type the word. That's the gist of it. Deductive reasoning is another core component of learning in Rosetta Stone. You might see a picture of a sandwich and hear the word for sandwich twice. Then you'll hear the word for sandwich a third time and be prompted to pick the corresponding picture. This will happen all over again for the word egg. Finally, a brand- new word you've never heard before will appear alongside a picture of an egg, a sandwich, and a coffee. Deductive reasoning will tell you that the new word must mean coffee. It gets a little more complicated when you have to suss out new verb forms or plurals (such as . For example, there's no way of knowing whether ? Rocket Languages has a lot more content related to culture. Rosetta Stone doesn't have any placement test either, so if you've previously studied a language, it's really hard to know where to start. There used to be a language- learning software program called Tell. Me. More that had an adaptive placement test, but that company was acquired by Rosetta Stone and the product was killed off. A representative from the Rosetta Stone told me in 2. I haven't seen one yet. Engagement and Interactivity I appreciate the high degree to which speaking, writing, reading, and listening are blended in Rosetta Stone. In addition to the core lessons and units, there are games, chat boxes where you can talk with other learners, reading exercises, and the Web- conferencing tutoring sessions I mentioned earlier. Once you've reached certain milestones, you can sign up for a live 2. These sessions used to be an hour, and I'm glad they're shorter now because they can be exhausting. The session is taught by a live Rosetta Stone instructor, who only speaks in the foreign language and doesn't veer off script. Classes are plentiful, offered at different dates and times. Class sizes are small. Because the instructor only uses the language being taught, you can't ask questions in your mother tongue. What's covered in the online class is an extension of what's in the program, so don't expect a rich and engaging place to ask all your burning questions. Living Language also offers e- tutoring, and I found its programs to be much more engaging. La caída de la bolsa de Nueva York: El por qué de la crisis? Efectos de la crisis del 29. Camino hacia la Recuperación de la Crisis. El crack de la Bolsa de Nueva York. El crack de la Bolsa de Nueva York (Octubre de 1929) fue el origen de una. Sin embargo, optó por hacer una película. Derrotados los republicanos en las elecciones de 1932, el nuevo presidente, el demócrata F. Septiembre 18, 2008. En una conferencia de finanzas el pasado martes, un economista de Chicago, que trabaja para empresas de fondos de. Wall Street Crash of 1. The Wall Street Crash of 1. Black Tuesday (October 2. Building on post- war optimism, rural Americans migrated to the cities in vast numbers throughout the decade with the hopes of finding a more prosperous life in the ever- growing expansion of America's industrial sector. On March 2. 5, 1. El 24 de octubre de 1929, evento conocido como Jueves Negro, las acciones de la Bolsa de Nueva York comenzaron a caer lentamente. Una tendencia persistente. Administrador, editor y creador de la e-Revista de Humanidades Sárasuat Federal Reserve warned of excessive speculation, a mini crash occurred as investors started to sell stocks at a rapid pace, exposing the market's shaky foundation. Mitchell announced his company the National City Bank would provide $2. The market had been on a nine- year run that saw the Dow Jones Industrial Average increase in value tenfold, peaking at 3. September 3, 1. 92. The initial September decline was thus called the . This was the start of the Great Crash, although until the severe phase of the crash in October, many investors regarded the September . Periods of selling and high volumes were interspersed with brief periods of rising prices and recovery. Selling intensified in mid October. On October 2. 4 (. The huge volume meant that the report of prices on the ticker tape in brokerage offices around the nation was hours late, so investors had no idea what most stocks were actually trading for at that moment, increasing panic. Several leading Wall Streetbankers met to find a solution to the panic and chaos on the trading floor. Lamont, acting head of Morgan Bank; Albert Wiggin, head of the Chase National Bank; and Charles E. Mitchell, president of the National City Bank of New York. They chose Richard Whitney, vice president of the Exchange, to act on their behalf. With the bankers' financial resources behind him, Whitney placed a bid to purchase a large block of shares in U. S. Steel at a price well above the current market. As traders watched, Whitney then placed similar bids on other . This tactic was similar to one that ended the Panic of 1. It succeeded in halting the slide. The Dow Jones Industrial Average recovered, closing with it down only 6. The rally continued on Friday, October 2. Saturday the 2. 6th but, unlike 1. Over the weekend, the events were covered by the newspapers across the United States. On October 2. 8, . En los círculos a favor del reseteo del sistema monetario se venía comentando desde hace días que Trump ha firmado ya la ley que devuelve los Estados Unidos. Todo lo que sabemos hasta ahora del iPhone 8, la mayor evolución del smartphone de Apple en años. Some stocks actually had no buyers at any price that day (. The Dow lost an additional 3. Durant joined with members of the Rockefeller family and other financial giants to buy large quantities of stocks to demonstrate to the public their confidence in the market, but their efforts failed to stop the large decline in prices. Due to the massive volume of stocks traded that day, the ticker did not stop running until about 7: 4. The market had lost over $3. October 2. 9 alone. A partir del 19 de octubre la situación empezó a ponerse difícil, pero el jueves 24 no estalló el pánico en la Bolsa de Nueva York: ese día se pusieron a la.The market then recovered for several months, starting on November 1. Dow gaining 1. 8. April 1. 7, 1. 93. The following year, the Dow embarked on another, much longer, steady slide from April 1. July 8, 1. 93. 2, when it closed at 4. For most of the 1. Dow began slowly to regain the ground it lost during the 1. March 1. 5, 1. 93. Dow Jones closing at 6. The largest percentage increases of the Dow Jones occurred during the early and mid- 1. In late 1. 93. 7, there was a sharp dip in the stock market, but prices held well above the 1. The market would not return to the peak closing of September 3, 1. November 2. 3, 1. During the later half of the 1. The combined net profits of 5. Iron and steel led the way with doubled gains. A significant number of them were borrowing money to buy more stocks. By August 1. 92. 9, brokers were routinely lending small investors more than two- thirds of the face value of the stocks they were buying. Over $8. 5 billion was out on loan. Speculation thus fueled further rises and created an economic bubble. Because of margin buying, investors stood to lose large sums of money if the market turned down—or even failed to advance quickly enough. The average P/E (price to earnings) ratio of S& P Composite stocks was 3. September 1. 92. 9. By May there was also a winter- wheat crop of 5. Mississippi Valley. This oversupply caused a drop in wheat prices so heavy that the net incomes of the farming population from wheat were threatened with extinction. Stock markets are always sensitive to the future state of commodity markets, and the slump in Wall Street predicted for May by Sir George Paish arrived on time. In June 1. 92. 9, the position was saved by a severe drought in the Dakotas and the Canadian West, plus unfavorable seed times in Argentina and eastern Australia. The oversupply would now be wanted to fill the big gaps in the 1. When it was seen that at this figure the American farmers would get rather more for their smaller crop than for that of 1. In August, the wheat price fell when France and Italy were bragging of a magnificent harvest, and the situation in Australia improved. This sent a shiver through Wall Street and stock prices quickly dropped, but word of cheap stocks brought a fresh rush of . Congress had also voted for a 1. By October though, the price had fallen to $1. The falling commodity and industrial production may have dented even American self- confidence, and the stock market peaked on September 3 at 3. Labor Day, then started to falter after Roger Babson issued his prescient . By the end of September, the market was down 1. Selling intensified in early and mid October, with sharp down days punctuated by a few up days. Panic selling on huge volume started the week of October 2. October 2. 4, the 2. It was inevitable, because of the tremendous increase in the number of stockholders in recent years, that the number of sellers would be greater than ever when the boom ended and selling took the place of buying. Senate to study the causes of the crash. The following year, the U. S. Congress passed the Glass–Steagall Act mandating a separation between commercial banks, which take deposits and extend loans, and investment banks, which underwrite, issue, and distribute stocks, bonds, and other securities. After the experience of the 1. However, the one- day crash of Black Monday, October 1. Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 2. October 2. 8–2. 9, 1. October 1. 9, 1. 98. World War II. Some people believed that abuses by utility holding companies contributed to the Wall Street Crash of 1. Depression that followed. Many businesses failed (2. The 1. 92. 9 crash brought the Roaring Twenties to a shuddering halt. Kindleberger, in 1. Historians still debate the question: did the 1. Crash spark The Great Depression,? Only 1. 6% of American households were invested in the stock market within the United States during the period leading up to the depression, suggesting that the crash carried somewhat less of a weight in causing the depression. However, the psychological effects of the crash reverberated across the nation as businesses became aware of the difficulties in securing capital market investments for new projects and expansions. Business uncertainty naturally affects job security for employees, and as the American worker (the consumer) faced uncertainty with regards to income, naturally the propensity to consume declined. The decline in stock prices caused bankruptcies and severe macroeconomic difficulties including contraction of credit, business closures, firing of workers, bank failures, decline of the money supply, and other economically depressing events. The resultant rise of mass unemployment is seen as a result of the crash, although the crash is by no means the sole event that contributed to the depression. The Wall Street Crash is usually seen as having the greatest impact on the events that followed and therefore is widely regarded as signaling the downward economic slide that initiated the Great Depression. True or not, the consequences were dire for almost everybody. Most academic experts agree on one aspect of the crash: It wiped out billions of dollars of wealth in one day, and this immediately depressed consumer buying. Some 4,0. 00 banks and other lenders ultimately failed. Also, the uptick rule. When stocks plummeted on the New York Stock Exchange, the world noticed immediately. Although financial leaders in the United Kingdom, as in the United States, vastly underestimated the extent of the crisis that would ensue, it soon became clear that the world's economies were more interconnected than ever. The effects of the disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy were soon felt throughout Europe. Protests often focused on the so- called Means Test, which the government had instituted in 1. For working people, the Means Test seemed an intrusive and insensitive way to deal with the chronic and relentless deprivation caused by the economic crisis. The strikes were met forcefully, with police breaking up protests, arresting demonstrators, and charging them with crimes related to the violation of public order. The Economist argued in a 1. Depression did not start with the stock market crash. They asked, . They concluded that the position of the banks is the key to the situation, but what was going to happen could not have been foreseen. According to economists such as Joseph Schumpeter, Nikolai Kondratiev and Charles E. Mitchell, the crash was merely a historical event in the continuing process known as economic cycles. The impact of the crash was merely to increase the speed at which the cycle proceeded to its next level. Milton Friedman's A Monetary History of the United States, co- written with Anna Schwartz, advances the argument that what made the . Americaslibrary. gov. Retrieved August 1. Archived from the original on May 2. Retrieved January 2. The most savage bear market of all time was the Wall Street Crash of 1. Retrieved January 2. American History USA. Retrieved November 1. Retrieved September 3. Retrieved October 1, 2. The Causes of the 1. Stock Market Crash: A Speculative Orgy or a New Era? Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 3. What Do We Name the Crisis? NYSE Euronext. Retrieved October 1, 2. Don't Panic. Retrieved October 1, 2. Retrieved October 1, 2. Naruto Games. Play free online Naruto Games, cartoon games, Pokemon Games and Mario Games.
Libro - Wikipedia. Un libro . I libri sono pertanto opere letterarie e talvolta una stessa opera . Nella biblioteconomia e scienza dell'informazione un libro . La biblioteca . Google ha stimato che al 2. Il vocabolo originariamente significava anche . Un'evoluzione identica ha sub. In russo ed in serbo, altra lingua slava, le parole . Se ne deduce che le prime scritture delle lingue indoeuropee possano esser state intagliate su legno di faggio. La scrittura, un sistema di segni durevoli che permette di trasmettere e conservare le informazioni, ha cominciato a svilupparsi tra il VII e il IV millennio a. C. In seguito . Lo studio di queste iscrizioni . La scrittura alfabetica emerse in Egitto circa 5. Gli antichi Egizi erano soliti scrivere scrivere sul papiro, una pianta coltivata lungo il fiume Nilo. Inizialmente i termini non erano separati l'uno dall'altro (scriptura continua) e non c'era punteggiatura. I testi venivano scritti da destra a sinistra, da sinistra a destra, e anche in modo che le linee alternate si leggessero in direzioni opposte. Il termine tecnico per questo tipo di scrittura, con un andamento che ricorda quello de solchi tracciati dall'aratro in un campo, . Furono infatti usate come mezzo di scrittura, specialmente per il cuneiforme, durante tutta l'Et. Servivano da materiale normale di scrittura nelle scuole, in contabilit. Avevano il vantaggio di essere riutilizzabili: la cera poteva essere fusa e riformare una . L'usanza di legare insieme diverse tavolette di cera (romano pugillares) . Erano utilizzate anche le cortecce di albero, come per esempio quelle della Tilia, e altri materiali consimili. La parola greca per papiro come materiale di scrittura (biblion) e libro (biblos) proviene dal porto fenicio di Biblo, da dove si esportava il papiro verso la Grecia. Tomus fu usato dai latini con lo stesso significato di volumen (vedi sotto anche la spiegazione di Isidoro di Siviglia). Che fossero fatti di papiro, pergamena o carta, i rotoli furono la forma libraria dominante della cultura ellenistica, romana, cinese ed ebraica. Il formato di codex si stabil. Viene chiamato codex per metafora di un tronco (codex) d'albero o di vite, come se fosse un ceppo di legno, poich. La prima menzione scritta del codice come forma di libro . Tuttavia, il codice non si guadagn. Gli autori cristiani potrebbero anche aver voluto distinguere i loro scritti dai testi pagani scritti su rotoli. La storia del libro continua a svilupparsi con la graduale transizione dal rotolo al codex, spostandosi dal Vicino Oriente del II- II millennio a. C. All'arrivo del Medioevo, circa mezzo millennio dopo, i codici - di foggia e costruzione in tutto simili al libro moderno - rimpiazzarono il rotolo e furono composti principalmente di pergamena. Il rotolo continu. Fu un cambiamento che influ. Quattro son troppi? Potrai pagarli due, e Trifone il libraio ci far. Haec tibi, multiplici quae structa est massa tabella, / Carmina Nasonis quinque decemque gerit. Questa mole composta da numerosi fogli contiene quindici libri poetici del Nasone »(Marziale XIV. Il libro antico. L'oggetto libro sub. Dal II secolo a. C. Nel mondo antico non godette di molta fortuna a causa del prezzo elevato rispetto a quello del papiro. Tuttavia aveva il vantaggio di una maggiore resistenza e la possibilit. Il libro in forma di rotolo consisteva in fogli preparati da fibre di papiro (phylire) disposte in uno strato orizzontale (lo strato che poi riceveva la scrittura) sovrapposto ad uno strato verticale (la faccia opposta). I fogli cos. La scrittura era effettuata su colonne, generalmente sul lato del papiro che presentava le fibre orizzontali. Non si hanno molte testimonianze sui rotoli di pergamena tuttavia la loro forma era simile a quella dei libri in papiro. Gli inchiostri neri utilizzati erano a base di nerofumo e gomma arabica. Dal II secolo d. C. La vecchia forma libraria a rotolo scompare in ambito librario. In forma notevolmente differente permane invece in ambito archivistico. Nel Medio Evo si fanno strada alcune innovazioni: nuovi inchiostri ferro gallici e, a partire dalla met. Il prezzo molto basso di questo materiale, ricavato da stracci e quindi pi. Ma bisogna aspettare la seconda met. Questo mezzo, permettendo l'accelerazione della produzione delle copie di testi contribuisce alla diffusione del libro e della cultura. La parola membranae, letteralmente . Altri suoi distici rivelano che tra i regali fatti da Marziale c'erano copie di Virgilio, di Cicerone e Livio. Le parole di Marziale danno la distinta impressione che tali edizioni fossero qualcosa di recentemente introdotto. Il codice si origin. Quando c'era bisogno di pi. Sono stati rinvenuti . Nel tempo, furono anche disponibili modelli di lusso fatti con tavolette di avorio invece che di legno. I romani chiamarono tali tavolette col nome di codex e solo molto pi. Ad un certo punto i romani inventarono un taccuino pi. Il passo fu breve dall'usare due o tre fogli come taccuino al legarne insieme una certa quantit. Il grande vantaggio che offrivano rispetto ai rolli era la capienza, vantaggio che sorgeva dal fatto che la facciata esterna del rotolo era lasciata in bianco, vuota. Il codice invece aveva scritte entrambe le facciate di ogni pagina, come in un libro moderno.(LA). Quam brevis inmensum cepit membrana Maronem! Ipsius vultus prima tabella gerit. La prima pagina porta il volto del poeta. Ma copie erano anche fatte di fogli di papiro. In Egitto, dove cresceva la pianta del papiro ed era centro della sua manifattura per materiale scrittorio, il codex di tale materiale era naturalmente pi. Quando i greci ed i romani disponevano solo del rotolo per scrivere libri, si preferiva usare il papiro piuttosto che la pergamena. Fece la sua comparsa in Egitto non molto dopo il tempo di Marziale, nel II secolo d. C., o forse anche prima, alla fine del I secolo. Il suo debutto fu modesto. A tutt'oggi sono stati rinvenuti 1. Nel terzo secolo la percentuale aumenta dall'1,5% a circa il 1. Verso il 3. 00 d. C. Il rotolo comunque aveva ancora parecchi secoli davanti a s. In teoria, in Egitto, terra ricca di pianta di papiro, il codice papiraceo avrebbe dovuto regnar supremo, ma non fu cos. Sebbene gli undici codici della Bibbia datati in quel secolo fossero papiracei, esistono circa 1. Non ne scegliemmo alcuno, ma ne raccogliemmo altri otto per i quali gli diedi 1. Il codex tanto apprezzato da Marziale aveva quindi fatto molta strada da Roma. Nel terzo secolo, quando tali codici divennero alquanto diffusi, quelli di pergamena iniziarono ad essere popolari. Il numero totale di codici sopravvissuti correntemente ammontano a pi. Nel quarto secolo la percentuale si alza al 3. V secolo. In breve, anche in Egitto, la fonte mondiale del papiro, il codice di pergamena occupava una notevole quota di mercato. Sono tutti di pergamena, edizioni eleganti, scritti in elaborata calligrafia su sottili fogli di pergamena. Per tali edizioni di lusso il papiro era certamente inadatto. Titoli di compilazioni celebri, il Codice teodosiano promulgato nel 4. Codice giustinianeo promulgato nel 5. Dall'altro lato, basandoci sulle annotazioni di Libanio, intellettuale del IV secolo che nelle sue molteplici attivit. Le ragioni erano buone: la pergamena poteva resistere a maltrattamenti vari, il codice poteva venir consultato velocemente per riferimenti giuridici, sentenze e giudizi, e cos. La pergamena usata doveva certo essere di bassa qualit. Il peso era per. Il papiro divenne difficile da reperire a causa della mancanza di contatti con l'Antico Egitto e la pergamena, che era stata usata da secoli, divenne il materiale di scrittura principale. I monasteri continuarono la tradizione scritturale latina dell'Impero romano d'Occidente. Cassiodoro, nel Monastero di Vivario (fondato verso il 5. XLVIII), che riserva certi momenti alla lettura, influenz. La tradizione e lo stile dell'Impero romano predominava ancora, ma gradualmente emerse la cultura peculiare libro medievale. Prima dell'invenzione e adozione del torchio calcografico, quasi tutti i libri venivano copiati a mano, il che rendeva i libri costosi e relativamente rari. I piccoli monasteri di solito possedevano poche dozzine di libri, forse qualche centinaio quelli di medie dimensioni. Con il IX secolo, le pi! Alcuni di questi esemplari sono esposti nei musei. La luce artificiale era proibita per paura che potesse danneggiare i manoscritti. Esistevano cinque tipi di scribi. La pergamena doveva essere preparata, poi le pagine libere venivano pianificate e rigate con uno strumento appuntito o un piombo, dopo di che il testo era scritto dallo scriba, che di solito lasciava aree vuote a scopo illustrativo e rubricativo. Infine, il libro veniva rilegato dal rilegatore. Esistono testi scritti in rosso o addirittura in oro, e diversi colori venivano utilizzati per le miniature. A volte la pergamena era tutta di colore viola e il testo vi era scritto in oro o argento (per esempio, il Codex Argenteus). Tuttavia, l'uso di spazi tra le parole non divenne comune prima del XII secolo. Si sostiene che l'uso di spaziatura tra parole dimostra il passaggio dalla lettura semi- vocalizzata a quella silenziosa. Le copertine erano fatte di legno e ricoperte di cuoio. Durante il Tardo Medioevo, quando cominciarono a sorgere le biblioteche pubbliche, e fino al XVIII secolo, i libri venivano spesso incatenati ad una libreria o scrivania per impedirne il furto. Questi libri attaccati a catena sono chiamati libri catenati. Vedi illustrazione a margine. Dapprima, i libri erano copiati prevalentemente nei monasteri, uno alla volta. Con l'apparire delle universit. I libri furono divisi in fogli non legati (pecia), che furono distribuiti a differenti copisti e di conseguenza la velocit. Il sistema venne gestito da corporazioni secolari di cartolai, che produssero sia materiale religioso che laico. Secondo la tradizione ebraica, il rotolo della Torah posto nella sinagoga deve esser scritto a mano su pergamena e quindi un libro stampato non . Lo scriba ebraico (sofer) . Un certo numero di citt. Play Gravitee Wars Online, a free online game on Kongregate. What does this mean for me? You will always be able to play your favorite games on Kongregate. However, certain site features may suddenly stop working and leave you with a severely degraded experience. What should I do? We strongly urge all our users to upgrade to modern browsers for a better experience and improved security. We suggest you install the latest version of one of these browsers: No Thanks. Don't Eat Your Coconut Oil, Use It For This Stuff Instead. Word on the street is the coconut oil is bad for you. Once thought to be a “fat burning fat” that was good to incorporate into your diet, now the advice is “You can put it on your body, but don’t put it in your body.”Turns out, the research behind the oil being good for you was a bit flawed. It was looking at all the good stuff in “designer oil,” which isn’t what most of us are picking up at Trader Joe’s. If you have a bunch of coconut oil in your pantry, you don’t have to throw it out. While you should at least limit the amount you consume (as you should with all fats, really), there are a ton of great uses, some of which we’ve written about before, for the oil that are worth giving a try: Condition Your Hair. You may not want to line your stomach with fat, but fat can be a good thing for your hair. Coconut oil is thought to be a great conditioner. Putting it on your locks can help smooth down overlapping layers of protein, and will repel water so your hair keeps looking its best. Treat Your Feet. Take care of cracked heels by applying a little coconut oil to your feet at night, putting on some socks, and then leaving the oil to soak into your dry heels overnight. You’ll wake up to much softer, much more moisturized, tootsies. Coconut Manicure. Just like coconut oil can do wonders for your feet, it can also take care of dry skin on your hands. Rub a bit on dry cuticles to moisturize them, and your hands in the process. Remove Gum From Hair. This latest study is a follow-up to 2014 research, in which the Georgia Tech scientists demonstrated how ants use their bodies to build life rafts. When I was in elementary school I had really long hair, and I used to have a real problem with somehow managing to get my gum stuck in my hair. Back in the 8. 0s, the removal method was always just cutting it out (good thing I had a ton of hair), but you can actually use coconut oil to remove it as well. Just rub the area down with a little bit of coconut oil. The area around will get slick, and the gum will slide right out. Makeup Remover. Running low on makeup remover? Coconut oil can do wonders when it comes to removing stubborn makeup. Put a tiny bit of coconut oil on a cloth, and then rub it on the area to remove the stuff that isn’t budging with soap and water alone. Tell us about your own favorite uses for coconut oil in the comments! Where a distillery gets its ingredients, the water it uses, and the weather while the whiskey is aging can all have an impact on the flavor of the final product and.
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USB Adapters - USB to Serial - Dual purpose USB adapters. USBGear offers USB adapters and converters that you’re looking for including USB to serial for industrial. MB 3. 5- inch floppy disk. USB flash drives use the USB mass storage device class standard, supported natively by modern operating systems such as Windows, Linux, mac. OS and other Unix- like systems, as well as many BIOS boot ROMs. USB drives with USB 2. CD- RW or DVD- RW drives and can be read by many other systems such as the Xbox 3. Play. Station 3, DVD players, automobile entertainment systems, and in a number of handheld devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, though the electronically similar SD card is better suited for those devices. A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain, for example. The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard type- A USB connection allowing connection with a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces also exist. Filename: USBGuard6.5.0.0.exe. MD5 Checksum: 2e50204dfa85e80694ffd16495882b79. Details: USB Disk Security 2017 full offline installer setup for PC 32bit/64bit.USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a portable media player with USB flash storage; they require a battery only when used to play music on the go. History. He is notable for incorporating the world's first single chip USB flash controller. Pua hails from Sekinchan, Selangor, Malaysia. Pua founded Phison Electronics based in Taiwan with four other partners and is believed to have produced the world's first USB flash drive with system- on- chip technology. Trek won a Singaporean suit. Trek Technology sold a model under the brand name . It was announced in late 2. The USB 3. 0 interface specifies transfer rates up to 5 Gbit/s (6. MB/s), compared to USB 2. Mbit/s (6. 0 MB/s). USB 3. 0 expansion cards are also available to upgrade older systems. Fourth generation. As of January 2. 01. Typically, one of these ICs provides an interface between the USB connector and the onboard memory, while the other is the flash memory. Drives typically use the USB mass storage device class to communicate with the host. Technology. The memory storage was based on earlier EPROM and EEPROM technologies. These had limited capacity, were slow for both reading and writing, required complex high- voltage drive circuitry, and could be re- written only after erasing the entire contents of the chip. Hardware designers later developed EEPROMs with the erasure region broken up into smaller . Altering the contents of a particular memory location involved copying the entire field into an off- chip buffer memory, erasing the field, modifying the data as required in the buffer, and re- writing it into the same field. This required considerable computer support, and PC- based EEPROM flash memory systems often carried their own dedicated microprocessor system. Flash drives are more or less a miniaturized version of this. The development of high- speed serial data interfaces such as USB made semiconductor memory systems with serially accessed storage viable, and the simultaneous development of small, high- speed, low- power microprocessor systems allowed this to be incorporated into extremely compact systems. Serial access requires far fewer electrical connections for the memory chips than does parallel access, which has simplified the manufacture of multi- gigabyte drives. Computers access modern. The actual EEPROM writing and erasure processes are, however, still very similar to the earlier systems described above. Many low- cost MP3 players simply add extra software and a battery to a standard flash memory control microprocessor so it can also serve as a music playback decoder. Most of these players can also be used as a conventional flash drive, for storing files of any type. Essential components. Some USB flash drives use USB plug that does not protect the 4 contacts, with the possibility of plugging it into the USB port the other way around. USB mass storage controller – a small microcontroller with a small amount of on- chip ROM and RAM. NAND flash memory chip(s) – stores data (NAND flash is typically also used in digital cameras). Crystal oscillator – produces the device's main 1. MHz clock signal and controls the device's data output through a phase- locked loop. Cover – typically made of plastic or metal, protecting the electronics against mechanical stress and even possible short circuits. Additional components. Having this second space allows the manufacturer to use a single printed circuit board for more than one storage size device. USB connector cover or cap – reduces the risk of damage, prevents the entry of dirt or other contaminants, and improves overall device appearance. Some flash drives use retractable USB connectors instead. Others have a swivel arrangement so that the connector can be protected without removing anything. Transport aid – the cap or the body often contains a hole suitable for connection to a key chain or lanyard. Connecting the cap, rather than the body, can allow the drive itself to be lost. Some drives offer expandable storage via an internal memory card slot, much like a memory card reader. Because the USB port connectors on a computer housing are often closely spaced, plugging a flash drive into a USB port may block an adjacent port. Such devices may carry the USB logo only if sold with a separate extension cable. Such cables are USB- compatible but do not conform to the USB standard. USB flash drives with images of dragons, cats or aliens are very popular in Asia. The ubiquity of the FAT3. USB support. Also, standard FAT maintenance utilities (e. Scan. Disk) can be used to repair or retrieve corrupted data. However, because a flash drive appears as a USB- connected hard drive to the host system, the drive can be reformatted to any file system supported by the host operating system. Defragmenting. Flash drives can be defragmented. There is a widespread opinion that defragmenting brings little advantage (as there is no mechanical head that moves from fragment to fragment), and that defragmenting shortens the life of the drive by making many unnecessary writes. Some USB flash drives have this 'wear leveling' feature built into the software controller to prolong device life, while others do not, so it is not necessarily helpful to install one of these file systems. Therefore, USB flash units can be partitioned just like hard disk drives. Longevity. There is virtually no limit to the number of reads from such flash memory, so a well- worn USB drive may be write- protected to help ensure the life of individual cells. Estimation of flash memory endurance is a challenging subject that depends on the SLC/MLC/TLC memory type, size of the flash memory chips, and actual usage pattern. As a result, a USB flash drive can last from a few days to several hundred years. These are typically low capacity USB drives which are modified so that they emulate larger capacity drives (for example, a 2 GB drive being marketed as a 6. GB drive). When plugged into a computer, they report themselves as being the larger capacity they were sold as, but when data is written to them, either the write fails, the drive freezes up, or it overwrites existing data. Software tools exist to check and detect fake USB drives. These speeds are for optimal conditions; real- world speeds are usually slower. In particular, circumstances that often lead to speeds much lower than advertised are transfer (particularly writing) of many small files rather than a few very large ones, and mixed reading and writing to the same device. In a typical well- conducted review of a number of high- performance USB 3. MB/s and write at 4. MB/s, could only manage 1. MB/s and 0. 3 MB/s with many small files. When combining streaming reads and writes the speed of another drive, that could read at 9. MB/s and write at 7. MB/s, was 8 MB/s. These differences differ radically from one drive to another; some drives could write small files at over 1. The examples given are chosen to illustrate extremes... Individuals also store medical information on flash drives for emergencies and disaster preparation. Secure storage of data, application and software files. The use of biometrics and encryption is becoming the norm with the need for increased security for data; on- the- fly encryption systems are particularly useful in this regard, as they can transparently encrypt large amounts of data. In some cases a secure USB drive may use a hardware- based encryption mechanism that uses a hardware module instead of software for strongly encrypting data. IEEE 1. 66. 7 is an attempt to create a generic authentication platform for USB drives. It is supported in Windows 7 and Windows Vista (Service Pack 2 with a hotfix). COFEE is a set of applications designed to search for and extract digital evidence on computers confiscated from suspects. Other forensic suites run from CD- ROM or DVD- ROM, but cannot store data on the media they are run from (although they can write to other attached devices, such as external drives or memory sticks). Updating motherboard firmware. Usually, new firmware image is downloaded and placed onto a FAT1. |
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